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Was the Site of Richelieu Manor Apartments in Pass Christian Destroyed Again in Katrina

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Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1969

Hurricane Camille
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Camille 16 aug 1969 2340Z.jpg

Hurricane Camille every bit a powerful Category five hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico, on August 16
Formed August 14, 1969 (1969-08-14)
Prodigal August 22, 1969 (1969-08-22)
Highest winds i-minute sustained: 175 mph (280 km/h)
Lowest pressure 900 mbar (hPa); 26.58 inHg
Fatalities 259 total
Damage $1.42 billion (1969 USD)
Areas affected Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Southern United States, Midwestern Us, Eastern Seaboard
Part of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Camille was the second most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike the United States, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. The most intense storm of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season, Camille originated as a tropical depression on August 14, south of Cuba, from a long-tracked tropical wave. Located in a favorable surround for strengthening, the storm quickly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane before hitting the western role of Cuba on August 15. Emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, Camille underwent another menses of rapid intensification and became a Category 5 hurricane the next day as it moved northward towards the Louisiana–Mississippi region. Despite weakening slightly on August 17, the hurricane quickly re-intensified back into a Category 5 hurricane earlier it made landfall a one-half-hour before midnight in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. At peak intensity, the hurricane had peak 1-minute sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 900 mbar (26.58 inHg). This was the second-lowest pressure recorded for a U.S. landfall, and is i of just iv hurricanes to make landfall in the U.S at Category 5 status. Only the 1935 Labor Solar day hurricane had a lower force per unit area at landfall. As Camille pushed inland, it speedily weakened and was a tropical depression by the fourth dimension it was over the Ohio Valley. One time information technology emerged offshore, Camille was able to restrengthen to a strong tropical tempest, before information technology became extratropical on August 22. Camille was absorbed by a frontal storm over the Due north Atlantic afterward that day.

Camille caused tremendous damage in its wake, and produced a peak official tempest surge of 24 anxiety (vii.three thousand). The hurricane flattened nearly everything along the declension of the U.S. country of Mississippi, and caused boosted flooding and deaths inland while crossing the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. In the U.Southward., Camille killed more than 259 people[ane] [2] and caused $1.42 billion in damages (equivalent to $10 billion in 2020).[3]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the tempest's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson calibration

Map primal

Tropical low (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

Tropical tempest (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

Category ii (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

Category iii (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

Category iv (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

Unknown

Hurricane Camille originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 5, 1969. It tracked quickly due west forth the 15th parallel north;[iv] several days later, a tropical disturbance became clearly identifiable on satellite imagery on August 9. By that time, the thunderstorm activity in the disturbance concentrated into a circular area of convection. On the next mean solar day, the storm moved through the Lesser Antilles, although at that place was no bear witness of a closed circulation. On August 13, the wave passed nearly or over the southern declension of Jamaica as its convection spread northeastward through the Bahamas. Later, it began a slower motion to the northwest. It is believed that the tropical moving ridge organized into a tropical depression shortly thereafter, early on August xiv, and it became a tropical storm a few hours later on. On the morning of August 14, the Hurricane Hunters flew to investigate for a closed circulation near the Bahamas and near the Cayman Islands.[five] The coiffure observed a developing middle in the western Caribbean, and winds had reached tropical storm status. Past and then, the tempest had strengthened into a strong tropical storm with winds of lx mph (95 km/h), about 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of 1000 Cayman.[v] [six]

Upon first being classified as a tropical storm, Camille was located in an area favorable for further strengthening, although initially information technology slowly intensified. It was located within an surface area of very low-cal wind shear and an overall warm environment. Additionally, the storm developed potent low-level inflow from the deep southern Caribbean, which continuously brought moisture into the storm.[5] Throughout its duration, it was a small tropical cyclone, although with a radius of gale-force winds spreading 100 miles (160 km) to the north, the tempest's thunderstorm expanse quickly spread over Cuba. Every bit the storm approached the western coast of Cuba, information technology began rapid deepening, reaching hurricane status and less than 12 hours after attained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Prior to landfall, its eye was tracked by radar from Havana; it is estimated the hurricane moved aground between Greatcoat San Antonio and Guane tardily on August 15 as a strong Category 2 hurricane. Camille was a small hurricane every bit information technology crossed western Republic of cuba, and its winds decreased slightly to 105 mph (165 km/h) over land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.[6]

This New Orleans radar epitome of Hurricane Camille was taken less than 50 miles from its eye on August 17 1969 at x p.chiliad. CST

Initially, Hurricane Camille was forecast to turn northeastward toward the Florida panhandle. Instead, it connected northwestward and resumed its rapid intensification trend after leaving Cuba. Its heart contracted to a diameter of less than 8 miles (13 km), and strong rainbands adult effectually the unabridged hurricane. Due to the small eye, Hurricane Hunters at starting time had difficulties in determining the strength; nonetheless a flying tardily on August 16 institute a strong Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson calibration and recorded a very low pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.82 inHg), with winds estimated at 175 mph (280 km/h).[5] At the time, it was not expected to intensify farther.[6] However, a subsequent Hurricane Hunters flying early on August 17 recorded a slightly deeper central pressure of 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg), at the fourth dimension the lowest pressure recorded by reconnaissance aircraft. That fabricated Camille the most intense hurricane since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane; currently it is the sixth-most intense Atlantic hurricane, as ranked by lowest pressure. At that place was lilliputian change in the wind speed every bit such levelled out at 175 mph (280 km/h) during that fourth dimension.[7] [eight]

As it continued toward the Gulf Coast of the United States, Camille maintained its pocket-size eye, and forecasters continued to conceptualize a turn toward Florida.[half-dozen] Late on August 17, Camille briefly weakened to a Category iv storm due to an eyewall replacement cycle; a reconnaissance flight was forced to end its mission early on due to a damaged engine.[5] Before they left the storm, the crew recorded a pressure level of 919 mbar (hPa; 27.fourteen inHg) and estimated surface winds at 155 mph (250 km/h), while Camille was located nearly 100 miles (160 km) southeast of the Mississippi River Delta.[6] In that location were no subsequent Hurricane Hunter flights, merely surface observations recorded later suggested that Camille quickly re-strengthened and regained Category 5 intensity.[7] Later on passing very close to southeastern Louisiana, Hurricane Camille made landfall at eleven:30 CDT in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.[9] Maximum sustained wind speeds nigh the coastline were estimated to have been nigh 175 mph (280 km/h), with a minimum fundamental pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) as analyzed by surface data.[5]

The hurricane weakened as information technology progressed inland, and inside 14 hours of moving aground, Camille weakened to tropical storm status. Well-nigh 12 hours later, it weakened to tropical depression condition, by which fourth dimension it began a turn to the north and northeast. On Baronial xx, Tropical Low Camille turned e through Kentucky, dropping heavy rainfall in Westward Virginia and Virginia. Subsequently that day, information technology emerged into the Atlantic Sea east of Norfolk, and by that afternoon, every bit Camille was emerging offshore it regained tropical storm status. Camille accelerated east-northeastward, attaining peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) as it interacted with larger Hurricane Debbie to its southeast (although the poor sampling of the region means that it is possible that the storm may have regained hurricane intensity in a location where measurements of wind speed were not taken).[5] Subsequently, Camille began to collaborate with a frontal storm, causing information technology to gradually transition into an extratropical cyclone as it entrained cooler air. On Baronial 22, Camille was captivated past the frontal system to the south of Atlantic Canada.[5] [six]

Preparations

National Hurricane Center Rails Forecasts for Camille from western Cuba onward. The organisation'south actual runway is marked by the line uttermost to the west.

Presently subsequently Camille formed, the National Hurricane Center advised residents on the Isle of Pines and in western Cuba to prepare for gale-strength winds, heavy rains, and ascension tides. The agency too recommended small boats to remain in harbor.[6] The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate thousands along the western coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines; on the isle, 10,000 cattle and 6,000 turkeys were moved to safer areas.[10]

Equally Camille impacted Cuba, small craft were brash non to venture out too far from the coasts of Florida.[11]

On Baronial 15, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for a 110 miles (180 km) stretch of land in Florida, between Apalachicola and Fort Walton Beach. The adjacent day, as these hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning, thousands of people boarded upwardly their homes and evacuated inland. During the afternoon of August 16, the weather bureau ordered that a hurricane lookout man should be placed in strength for the coastline from Biloxi to St Marks, Florida. Later that 24-hour interval, the hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning for the northwestern Florida coast, from Fort Walton to St Marks.[ citation needed ]

By Saturday morning, a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Biloxi e. Civil defense organizations in littoral counties went on alert. Keesler Air Forcefulness Base and the Naval Construction Battalion Center prepared for the storm. By five p.yard. on Sunday, a hurricane warning was issued for the coast. This activated the National Guard units. Many refused to believe the reports concerning Camille'southward intensity that afternoon. Many people living at elevations of xx feet (half-dozen.1 m) above body of water level refused to believe they were going to be submerged. The mayor of Gulfport ordered the release of prisoners from the city jail as winds increased at ix p.grand. on Lord's day evening, but none would leave.[12]

Impact

Making landfall in Waveland, Mississippi, as a Category 5 hurricane,[7] Camille caused damage and devastation across much of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Because it moved quickly through the region, Hurricane Camille dropped only moderate atmospheric precipitation in most areas. Areas in and around Pass Christian, its point of landfall, reported from seven to 10 inches (180 to 250 mm).[xiv] The area of total devastation in Harrison County, Mississippi was 68 foursquare miles (180 kmtwo).[fifteen] The total U.Due south. estimated cost of damage was $1.42 billion (1969 USD).[3] This made Camille tied (with Hurricane Betsy) as the almost expensive hurricane in the The states, upward to that point.[sixteen] The storm straight killed 143 people forth Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. An boosted 153 people perished every bit a issue of catastrophic flooding in Nelson County, Virginia and other areas nearby. In all, viii,931 people were injured, 5,662 homes were destroyed, and 13,915 homes experienced major harm, with many of the fatalities being littoral residents who had refused to evacuate.

Caribbean area and Offshore Gulf of Mexico

Every bit a developing tropical tempest, Camille brought rain showers to Grand Cayman, although there were no reports of damage.[six] Stations in Republic of cuba on the outer fringes of the tempest reported winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). East of where it moved ashore, the urban center of Guane recorded winds of 92 mph (148 km/h), although no air current reports were taken in the landfall location. The hurricane produced up to x inches (250 mm) about Guane, as well as on the Isle of Pines.[6] On the Isle of Pines, the storm inflicted harm to most 100 houses.[10] Throughout Pinar del Río Province, Camille caused heavy damage,[17] primarily from river flooding;[18] about 20,000 people were left homeless in the province. Potent winds downed copse and ability lines, which caused power outages eastward through the upper-case letter metropolis of Havana. Initially, the authorities reported no casualties from the storm.[17] Subsequent research indicated the hurricane killed five people in the state during its passage, and damage was estimated at $five one thousand thousand (1969 USD).[xix]

In the days after the storm struck Cuba, the government deployed medical teams to affected regions to provide typhoid vaccine shots. Officials noted the potential for the spread of affliction, due to flooding from Camille as well every bit previously moisture conditions.[10]

In the open up Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane produced moving ridge heights of at least 70 feet (21 m), as measured by Trounce Oil Company. Along the ocean floor, the storm created mudslides which lowered the sea floor; its combination with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms, including one that at the time was the deepest oil well. Property damages to the offshore oil industry were initially estimated at $100 million (1969 USD).[20]

Louisiana

Strongest U.Due south. landfalling tropical cyclonesdagger
Rank Namedouble-dagger Season Wind speed
mph km/h
i "Labor 24-hour interval" 1935 185 295
2 Karen 1962 175 280
Camille 1969
Yutu 2018
five Andrew 1992 165 270
6 "Okeechobee" 1928 160 260
Michael 2018
8 Maria 2017 155 250
9
"Terminal Isle" 1856 150 240
"Indianola" 1886
"Florida Keys" 1919
"Freeport" 1932
Charley 2004
Laura 2020
Ida 2021
Source: Hurricane Research Division[21]
daggerForcefulness refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land.
double-daggerSystems prior to 1950 were not officially named.

The eastbound lanes of heavily traveled U.s. U.Due south. Highway 90 suffered broken pavement during Hurricane Camille, which halted traffic

The pressure fell to 27.eighty inches of mercury (941 hPa) at Garden Island. Winds gusted to 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) at Slidell as their pressure sank to 28.75 inches of mercury (974 hPa) on August 19. Almost total destruction was seen from Venice to Buras. Ostrica Lock measured a storm surge of 16 feet (4.9 1000). H2o overwashed U.Due south. Highway 90 to a depth of 10 feet (iii.0 m).[22] The highest rainfall report from the state was 5.23 inches (133 mm) from Slidell.[23] Camille caused almost $322 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Louisiana.[5] The storm turned only in time to avoid a straight hit to the City of New Orleans, which was devastated but four years prior by Hurricane Betsy. The worst effects in New Orleans proper were flooding from some levees, particularly in the lowest lying areas, including the Lower Ninth Ward, which suffered the most severe flooding during Betsy.

Mississippi

In Mississippi, Camille was significantly worse than Hurricane Betsy and a September 1947 hurricane. Electricity went out during Camille's approach to the Mississippi coastline. United states Highway ninety flooded every bit a big storm surge overtopped seawalls, leaving a clomp along the highway in Gulfport. Fires consumed coastal communities, with the exceptions of Bay St. Louis and Waveland. Camille destroyed the antebellum Trinity Episcopal church in Pass Christian, taking 15 lives. The Dixie White Firm, where President Woodrow Wilson and his family one time stayed, was badly damaged. In Biloxi, Mississippi, the storm surge reached the second flooring of the structure.[12] The highest rainfall full recorded was 10.06 inches (256 mm) at the Mississippi Test Facility.[23] Mississippi received the worst of the damage. Upon making landfall, Camille produced a 24 pes (7.3 m) storm surge. Forth Mississippi's entire shore and for some three to four blocks inland, the destruction was nearly complete. The worst-hit areas were Clermont Harbor, Lakeshore, Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, and the beachfront of Gulfport, Mississippi City, and Biloxi. One of Frank Lloyd Wright's waterfront houses for W. L. Fuller, in Pass Christian, was completely destroyed.[24]

More than 11 inches (280 mm) of pelting occurred in Hancock County, and most low-lying areas were flooded with up to 15 feet (4.6 yard) of water. U.S. Highway 90, which is shut to the shore, was broken upwards in many areas, and sand and debris blocked much of information technology. Totals say that iii,800 homes and businesses were completely destroyed. As Camille came ashore, it passed over Ship Isle, off the coast of Mississippi; Camille'due south strong storm surge and torrential rains literally carve up the isle in 2: the body of water between West Ship Island and East Ship Isle is now called "Camille'south Cut". Camille had pregnant ecological furnishings in the Gulf Declension region. A barrier island concatenation off the coast of Mississippi and seventy% of Dauphin Island were completely inundated by the storm's surge.[25] Camille acquired about $950 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Mississippi.[5]

Hurricane Party

Richelieu Apartments before Camille

Richelieu Apartments after Camille

One persistent account nigh Camille states that 24 people held a "hurricane party" on the third floor of the Richelieu Manor Apartments in Pass Christian, Mississippi, in the path of the eyewall as information technology made landfall. The loftier storm surge flooded and destroyed the building, killing all but i person. Who the survivor is, how many party guests there were, and but how far away the sole survivor was swept by the tempest varies with the recounting.[ citation needed ]

News footage from Hurricane Camille was used in the 1974 ABC made-for-Goggle box movie titled Hurricane, which likewise features a plotline based on the Richelieu Manor hurricane party that never happened. Well-known stars in the picture included Will Geer and Michael Learned every bit NWS meteorologists tracking the storm; Larry Hagman and Jessica Walter as a vacationing couple who go defenseless in the storm on their boat, and are really fatigued into the eye of the hurricane; and Martin Milner equally the Air Strength Major who flies over the storm and reports their location (then they tin exist rescued by a Navy submarine). One of the plotlines does feature a group of people property a hurricane party in the dwelling house of Bert Pearson, played by Frank Sutton (best known for playing Sargent Carter on Gomer Pyle USMC). But Jim, played by Patrick Duffy, and his married woman pass up to join the party. Pearson and his guests turn out the lights and hide when a Highway Patrolman checks whether the building has been entirely evacuated. Afterwards, the political party resumes and the guests are oblivious to any danger, until the storm strikes, knocking in the wall and causing other major damage. When Pearson awakes the next morning after the tempest has passed, he discovers his married woman has been killed.[ commendation needed ]

The 1991 episode "Hurricane", of the sci-fi drama series Quantum Leap, too incorporated the apocryphal party into a story gear up in a boondocks when it is struck by Hurricane Camille.[26]

Twenty-three people are known to accept stayed in the Richelieu Manor Apartments during the hurricane, eight of whom died despite taking all precautions they knew in order to secure the building. The tale of the non-existent party, and the solitary survivor when there were 15, patently originated with survivor Mary Ann Gerlach,[12] who too told her story in the NOVA episode Hurricane! (Nova). Another survivor, Ben Duckworth, has expressed irritation at the story. "There was no hurricane party," Duckworth reiterated in 2001. "We were exhausted from boarding upwardly windows and helping the police move cars. We were as well tired to party. I tin't tell you why that story persists, or why people didn't put two and two together. I judge the hurricane party makes a good story."[27] [28]

The site of the Richelieu Apartments, the corner of Henderson Artery and U.South. 90 in Pass Christian, after became a shopping eye. The shopping middle was subsequently destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.[29]

Alabama and Florida

Alabama besides experienced impairment along U.S. Highway ninety: 26,000 homes and over one,000 businesses were wiped out completely across the state of Alabama. Camille's large apportionment besides resulted in a 3-to-v-foot (0.91 to ane.52 thou) tempest surge in Apalachicola, Florida. The highest rainfall report received inside Alabama was 6.52 inches (166 mm) 2 miles northeast of Fairhope.[23] Camille caused about $eight million (1969 dollars) of damage in Alabama.[5] Places further east across the western Florida panhandle saw bottom rains, as 4.sixteen inches (106 mm) was measured at Pensacola Naval Air Station.[30]

Ohio Valley and W Virginia

Camille Storm Total Rainfall

Camille caused moderate rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky of between 3 and v inches (130 mm),[31] helping to save a drought in the expanse, yet in West Virginia, at that place was flash flooding which destroyed 36 houses and 12 trailers, a total of three quarters of a 1000000 dollars in damage.[32]

Virginia

Because the hurricane was expected to rapidly dissipate over land, few were prepared for the flash flooding.[33] Arriving in Virginia on the evening of August 19, Camille was no longer a hurricane, but information technology carried high amounts of moisture and independent sufficient forcefulness and low pressure to pull in additional moisture.

A widespread area of western and central Virginia received over 8 inches (200 mm) of pelting from Camille's remains, leading to significant flooding across the country. A full of 153 people lost their lives from blunt trauma sustained during mount slides, related to the flash flooding, not drowning.[34] More than 123 of these deaths, including 21 members of 1 family, the Huffmans, were in Nelson Canton. Seven victims of the hurricane in Nelson Canton remain unidentified, as well every bit one in Albemarle County.[35] Avalanches occurred on hillsides with a gradient greater than 35 percent.[34] In Nelson County, the number of deaths amounted to over one pct of the county'due south population.[36] The worst of the damage was reported in Massies Factory, Forest Manufactory, Roseland, Bryant, Tyro, Montebello, Lovingston, Norwood, Rockfish, and along the Davis and Muddy creeks.[34] The James and Tye rivers crested well above alluvion phase in many areas, including a record loftier of 41.3 anxiety (12.half dozen grand) at Columbia. Hurricane Camille caused more than than $140 one thousand thousand of damage (1969 dollars) in Virginia.[5] [6] Camille was considered one of the worst natural disasters in fundamental Virginia's recorded history.[34]

The tempest dropped torrential rainfall of 12 to 20 inches (300 to 510 mm), with a maximum of 27 inches (690 mm).[31] Most of the rainfall occurred in Virginia during a three–5 hour flow on August 19–xx. More than five inches of rain fell almost the Due north Fork of the Tye River in only half an hour with the grounds already saturated from previous rains.[33] Many rivers flooded across the state, with the worst beingness the James River in Richmond with a superlative crest of 28.6 feet (8.vii m). Many rivers in Virginia and West Virginia set records for peak inundation stages, causing numerous mudslides forth mountainsides. In the mountain slopes between Charlottesville and Lynchburg, more than 26 inches (660 mm) of rain fell in 12 hours, just the worst was in Nelson County where 27 inches (690 mm) fell. There, rainfall was so heavy that reports were received of birds drowning in trees, cows floating down the Hatt Creek and of survivors having to cup easily effectually their mouth and nose in order to breathe through the deluge. Though the official rainfall was recorded as 27 inches, unofficial estimates are much greater. Some gauge that more than forty inches of rain cruel at Davis Creek. Most gauges were washed away; yet, it was reported that an empty 55-gallon drum that was not even in the center of the heaviest rainfall had 31 inches of water in it subsequently Camille passed.[37] "And so much rain fell in such a curt fourth dimension in Nelson County that, according to the National Conditions Service at the time, information technology was 'the probable maximum rainfall which meteorologists compute to be theoretically possible.' " [38]

The ensuing wink floods and mudslides killed 153 people. In Nelson Canton lonely, 133 bridges washed out, while in some places entire communities were under water.[32]

The major flooding that occurred downstream cut off all advice between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley. Waynesboro on the South River saw eight feet of water downtown, and Buena Vista had more than five feet.

Throughout Virginia, Camille destroyed 313 houses, 71 trailers, and 430 farm buildings. iii,765 families were affected by the hurricane in the expanse, and total damage in the land amounted to $140.eight million (1969 USD, $747 meg 2005 USD).[39] [33] [40] [41]

Records

Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States
Intensity is measured solely by cardinal force per unit area
Rank Organisation Season Landfall pressure
one "Labor Solar day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
ii Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Yutu 2018
4 Michael 2018 919 mbar (hPa)
5 Katrina 2005 920 mbar (hPa)
Maria 2017
7 Andrew 1992 922 mbar (hPa)
8 "Indianola" 1886 925 mbar (hPa)
9 "Guam" 1900 926 mbar (hPa)
10 "Florida Keys" 1919 927 mbar (hPa)
Source: HURDAT,[eight] Hurricane
Enquiry Segmentation[21]

Camille produced the 6th lowest official body of water level pressure e'er recorded in the Atlantic bowl, at 900 millibars (27 inHg).[8] This was also its landfalling pressure; the only hurricane to hit the United States with a lower pressure at landfall was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935.[7] [42] A reconnaissance flight indicated a pressure of 901 millibars (26.6 inHg),[43] simply this pressure was later corrected in 1969 by researchers to 919 mb (27.xiv inHg).[7] The air current speed of Camille can just be approximated, every bit no meteorological equipment survived the extreme weather at landfall, but Camille is estimated to take had sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h) at landfall, with gusts exceeding 230 mph (370 km/h),[7] [43] although a reanalysis in April 2022 concluded that Camille had maximum winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) rather than the 190 mph reading used previously.[44] Before Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Camille likely had the highest storm surge measured in the United States, at over 24 feet (7.3 m).[45]

The 24-foot (seven.3 grand) storm surge quoted by the Regular army Corps of Engineers was based on high-water marks inside surviving buildings, of which in that location were but iii. Prior to the collapse of the Richelieu Apartments, Ben Duckworth shone a flashlight downwards a stairwell and found the h2o inside one stride of the third-story flooring; this establishes a surge tiptop of 28 feet (viii.five chiliad) at that spot at that time. Most 15 minutes later, the building complanate and the evidence vanished with information technology.[ citation needed ]

In addition, Camille forced the Mississippi River to menses backwards for a river-distance of 125 miles (from its mouth to a point n of New Orleans). The river further backed upwardly for an additional 120 miles (190 km), to a point north of Baton Rouge.[46]

Aftermath

Cost of damage by region
Region Damage
(1969 USD)
Republic of cuba $v 1000000[xix]
Gulf of Mexico $100 million[twenty]
Louisiana $322 one thousand thousand
Mississippi $950 one thousand thousand
Alabama $8 one thousand thousand
West Virginia $750,000
Virginia $140 one thousand thousand
Total $1.57 billion
($1.42 billion in the U.S.) [5]

The response after the storm involved many federal, state, and local agencies and volunteer organizations. The chief organisation for coordinating the federal response to the disaster was the Office of Emergency Preparedness, which provided $76 million (1969 USD, $403 1000000 2005 USD)[39] to administer and coordinate disaster relief programs. Food and shelter were available the 24-hour interval after the storm. On Baronial 19, parts of Mississippi and Louisiana were alleged major disaster areas and became eligible for federal disaster relief funds.[47] President Richard Nixon ordered 1450 regular troops and 800 United States Army Engineers into the expanse to bring tons of food, vehicles, and aircraft.[12] Big organizations contributing to the relief effort included the Federal Power Commission, which helped fully return ability to affected areas by November 25, 1969. The Coast Guard (then under the Department of Transportation), Air Force, Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Navy Seabees, and Marine Corps all helped with evacuations, search and rescue, immigration droppings, and distribution of food. The Department of Defense force contributed $34 million (1969 USD, $180 million 2005 USD)[39] and 16,500 military troops overall to the recovery. The Department of Health provided $4 million towards medicine, vaccines and other health related needs.[47]

On Monday, the Air National Guard and those at Keesler Air Force Base airlifted patients to Jackson and other more inland locations. Volunteers searched for those injured and dead, too every bit helping refugees. When many of the evacuees returned by Tuesday, Governor John Bong Williams declared martial law, blocking highways into the expanse and leading to a 6 p.thousand. to vi a.m. curfew. The governor also opened Camp Shelby, dormitories within the Academy of Southern Mississippi, and the Robert Due east. Lee Hotel to serve as shelters for those who lost homes. Sections of Bay St. Louis and Laissez passer Christian were evacuated. Survivors were found for days after the tempest, with 35 trapped past high water north of Bay St. Louis rescued on Th. Ground forces engineers tending of 25 tons of expressionless animals, mostly cows, during the week following Camille. 1 week afterwards the storm, Keesler-based airplanes sprayed malathion at low altitudes to kill the thriving insect population. Martial police would be lifted on August 27. The federal and state military presence would go along for several weeks. During the evening of September 8, President Nixon visited the Biloxi-Gulfport Regional Airport and gave a speech communication to drag the spirits of local residents struggling with the storm's aftermath. During the rebuilding process, stricter building codes were enforced by local governments. In 1973, hurricane hunters and their associated reconnaissance aircraft relocated to Keesler Air Force Base when their previous headquarters at Ramey, Puerto Rico, closed.[12]

A large, antebellum mansion destroyed by the high winds and tempest surge.

Long-term redevelopment was overseen past the Section of Commerce, which contributed $30 million (1969 USD, $159 million 2005 USD)[39] towards planned and coordinated redevelopment of affected areas. NOAA Atmospheric condition Radio was expanded to littoral locations during the 1970s in the wake of Camille based upon recommendations made by the Department of Commerce in September 1969.[48]

The destruction of Camille inspired the implementation of the Saffir–Simpson scale. Later the storm, many Gulf Declension residents commented that hurricane warnings were not clear enough in carrying the expected intensity of the coming storm. The Saffir–Simpson scale offered a much more than concise argument of storm intensity than barometric pressure and wind-speed measurements, and veterans of previous hurricanes could analogize the power of the budgeted storm to those they had experienced.[49]

In a 1999 report on Hurricane Camille sponsored by the NOAA Coastal Services Center, the authors concluded: "With Camille, the preparations for the event and the response were based on processes put in place long before the storm fabricated landfall. Coordination between authorities agencies also equally with state and local officials was enhanced because of preexisting plans."[47]

One pocket-size compensation was that recovery from flood harm in Nelson County, Virginia led to the discovery of the Ginger Gold apple in the orchards of Clyde Harvey.[50]

Retirement

Due to the major devastation and death in much of the Southern Usa, the proper noun Camille was retired after the 1969 season,[51] and will never once more be used for an Atlantic or Gulf hurricane or tropical storm. The name Cindy was scheduled to supersede the name in 1973,[52] although a new ten-year list of names was created for the 1972–1980 Atlantic hurricane seasons.[53]

Comparisons to Hurricane Katrina

Comparison of Hurricanes Camille (left) and Katrina on satellite imagery

Although Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Katrina took dissimilar paths, they both reached the aforementioned section of the declension of Mississippi with similar destructive effects. Camille intensified more quickly than Katrina, and unlike Katrina, Camille re-intensified a 2d time and maintained status equally a Category 5 hurricane until landfall. Both hurricanes shared the mutual aspect of undergoing periods of rapid intensification.[54] The size of Camille's radius of maximum air current was less than 1-3rd that of Katrina, more like to the intense merely minor Hurricane Andrew. Also different Katrina, Camille caused piddling damage in New Orleans, Louisiana, though Camille itself just barely missed the metropolis.[55] The expanse of hurricane-force winds within Camille was simply over two-thirds the size of Hurricane Katrina. Both storms were moving at a like frontward movement at the time of landfall. Although Camille'south current of air speed at landfall was higher, Katrina's storm surge exceeded Camille's storm surge at all known locations due to its greater size.[56] Both hurricanes' names were retired.

Naming bug

In the 1960s, Atlantic hurricane names consisted of women'south names which were reused every fourth year.[57] The practise of retiring hurricane names was meant to be temporary, with the guideline that a name be retired for ten years. When the proper name Carla was retired in 1961 it was replaced on the 1965 list with Carol, a proper name retired in 1954 when its namesake devastated New England. Since over a decade had passed, Carol was eligible for reuse. Carol entered the 1969 list, but scientists from the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) asked the naming committee in January 1969 to permanently retire Ballad, Edna, and Hazel since papers were notwithstanding being written well-nigh the storms. The committee agreed merely needed a replacement "C" name. John Hope'south girl Camille was involved in an advanced science and math program in high schoolhouse and had carried out a required independent enquiry projection. John Hope asked Banner Miller to mentor her in her investigation of hurricanes and long-term atmospheric trends. Miller was impressed by her project and suggested her name for the listing. "We kept it quiet for many years," Camille said in a phone interview circa 2014.[58]

In popular culture

Films

  • A Lady Called Camille (1971), created by the U.South. Department of Agronomics shortly subsequently the hurricane, shows preparation and recovery efforts organized largely by Wade Guice, the former Harrison County Civil Defence Director whose wife, Julia, served as Biloxi Civil Defense Managing director at the time. The couple are seen at their posts at the starting time of the picture. The film also contains brief footage of the sick-fated Richilieu Apartments later the hurricane, where a Civil Defence force worker had attempted to persuade residents to evacuate. The film is attainable in the Internet Archive FedFlix collection.[59]
  • The short film Camille and the Seabees (1971) is available for gratuitous download at the Net Annal.
  • Frank Sutton (well known every bit Sergeant Carter in the Gomer Pyle, USMC Television set series) and Larry Hagman starred in the disaster picture Hurricane (TV 1974), based on Hurricane Camille. It contained references to the Richilieu Apartments and the Hurricane Hunter aeroplane that flew into the eye of Camille and lost an engine.[threescore]

Music

  • Jazz Banjo player Béla Chip wrote a jazz fusion song "Hurricane Camille" on his album Béla Chip and the Flecktones (1991).[61]

Publications

  • Tom Clancy's novel Without Remorse (1993) opens with the demolition of an oil rig damaged during Camille.[62]

Stage productions

  • Beth Henley's play Crimes of the Middle (1979) takes place in Hazlehurst, Mississippi and is gear up five years afterward Hurricane Camille.[63] While the hurricane is rarely mentioned in the script, it is cited every bit the crusade of Doc Porter'south limp and the reason Meg Magrath has been shunned by most of the town. The play was originally produced by the Actors Theatre of Louisville, Inc. in Feb 1979 and received its New York premiere at the Manhattan Theatre Social club in 1980.[64] [65]
  • In 2008, Lynchburg, Virginia-based Endstation Theatre Company (then based in Amherst, Virginia) premiered an original play, The Bluest Water: A Hurricane Camille Story (past playwright Jason Chimonides), as function of its inaugural Blue Ridge Summer Theatre Festival on the campus of Sweetness Briar Higher.[66] While the play was partly historical fiction (featuring contrived characters experiencing or remembering the actual events of Hurricane Camille), many characters' stories or lines of dialogue were composites of true accounts or testimonials from Nelson County (most notably Massies Mill, the Tye River, and Davis Creek) and the surrounding areas. The play was revived in the festival's 2nd year (2009), in conjunction with the Nelson Canton Historical Order'southward observation of the 40th ceremony of Camille.[67]

Television

  • In the Oct two, 1991, episode of the NBC series Quantum Leap, titled "Hurricane" (Season 4, Episode iii), the main graphic symbol, Sam Beckett, leaps into Archie Necaise, a small-boondocks sheriff in the middle of Hurricane Camille. He must go along his host's girlfriend from being killed in the tempest. Hurricane Camille is the backdrop of the story.[26]
  • In the 1978 documentary series When Havoc Struck presented past Glenn Ford, one episode was titled 'Hurricane Camille'.[68]

Encounter also

  • List of Atlantic hurricane records
  • List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
  • List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Virginia
  • List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
  • Hurricane Katrina (2005) – Some other Category 5 hurricane that devastated similar areas, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide
  • Hurricane Michael (2018) – Another Category 5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States

References

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Further reading

  • Bechtel, Stefan (2006). Roar Of The Heavens: Surviving Hurricane Camille. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN978-0-8065-2706-2.
  • Hearn, Philip D. (2004). Hurricane Camille: Monster Storm of the Gulf Declension. Jackson, Mississippi: Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN978-1-57806-655-1.

Historical Hurricanes

External links

  • Face up to Face with Hurricane Camille, Joseph P. Blank, Reader's Digest (March 1970), pp 62–67
  • Harrison Canton Library's Camille Page
  • Post-Storm Report on Camille
  • Radar prototype of Camille
  • Tempest surge contour
  • The story of Harbour Oaks Inn
  • Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost, Roger A. Pielke Jr., Chantal Simonpietri, and Jennifer Oxelson, July 12, 1999.
  • Track of Camille's eye at landfall

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille#:~:text=The%20site%20of%20the%20Richelieu,later%20destroyed%20by%20Hurricane%20Katrina.

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